Academic author and anti-apartheid activist. He was a chair of the South African Students Organisation (SASO) and a national organiser of the Black People’s Convention (BPC). He was arrested and imprisoned on Robben Island. On release he was banned and put under house arrest. He went to exile in 1980 and returned in 1994, becoming president of the Azanian People’s Organisation (AZAPO). He was a member of parliament, deputy minister of education and later minister of science and technology.