Anti-apartheid activist. He was a leader of rural and peasant resistance in what was then the Northern Transvaal, and a member of the Communist Party. Despite the banning of the Communist Party and the ANC, he continued to mobilise and organise against the apartheid regime and was banned in 1953 then detained under the terrorism act in 1967. Two weeks after being taken to Pretoria central prison the authorities said that he had committed suicide in his cell.